PCOS – Types, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age worldwide. Characterized by a variety of symptoms and associated risks, PCOS not only impacts a woman’s hormonal levels and menstrual cycle but also has implications for her overall health. This article delves into the types, symptoms, and treatment options for PCOS, incorporating insights from recent research and studies to provide a comprehensive overview. 

Understanding PCOS: An Overview 

PCOS is a condition marked by an imbalance in a woman’s levels of sex hormones: estrogen and progesterone. This imbalance leads to the growth of ovarian cysts (benign masses on the ovaries) and can affect the menstrual cycle, fertility, cardiac function, and appearance. According to the World Health  Organization, PCOS affects 116 million women worldwide, making it a common yet often misunderstood condition. 

Types of PCOS 

Research has identified four main types of PCOS, each with distinct features: 

1. Insulin-Resistant PCOS: This is the most common type, where the body’s cells become resistant to insulin, leading to higher insulin and testosterone levels. It’s often associated with obesity,  diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. 
2. Inflammatory PCOS: Triggered by chronic inflammation in the body. High levels of inflammatory biomarkers are present; symptoms often include fatigue, mood disorders, and intestinal discomfort. 
3. Post-Pill PCOS: Temporary PCOS-like symptoms such as weight gain, belly fat, acne, oily skin, thinning hair or baldness and infertility that can occur for a few months after stopping birth control pills. These symptoms may resolve on their own over time. 
4. Adrenal PCOS: Less common; an abnormal increase in adrenal androgen levels characterizes this type. It’s not directly related to insulin resistance or inflammation. Symptoms include weight gain, hair loss/growth, acne and irregular or missed menstrual cycle.

Symptoms of PCOS 

The symptoms of PCOS can vary widely among women, but some of the most common include

• Irregular menstrual cycles or absence of menstruation. 
• Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) on the face, chest, and back. 
• Weight gain or obesity, particularly around the waist.
• Thinning hair or hair loss from the scalp. 
• Acne or oily skin. 
• Difficulty getting pregnant due to ovulatory dysfunction. 
• Darkening of the skin along neck creases, in the groin, and underneath breasts.

Recent Research and Studies 

Recent research has provided new insights into diagnosing, managing, and treating PCOS. A significant study published in the “Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” highlighted the role of genetics in PCOS, identifying specific genes that could influence the development of the condition. This breakthrough could lead to more personalized treatment approaches in the future. 

Another area of active research is the gut microbiome’s impact on PCOS. Studies have found differences in the gut bacteria composition of women with PCOS compared to those without, suggesting that gut health may play a role in managing PCOS symptoms. 

Treatment Options 

Treating PCOS involves addressing the immediate symptoms and reducing the risk of long-term health issues. Here are the most common treatment strategies: 

Lifestyle Changes 

• Change the way you eat.

A balanced diet rich in whole foods and regular physical activity can help manage weight and reduce insulin resistance. Remove all added sugar and artificial sweeteners from your diet, as they cause tissue inflammation. Add magnesium-rich foods like dark leafy greens, almonds, cashews, pumpkin seeds, avocados, Brussels sprouts and legumes to your diet.

• Fix your gut.

Consume fermented foods (avoid if you have yeast overgrowth) to help your gut microbiota. Serotonin and GABA, neurotransmitters with calming and relaxing qualities frequently reduced in HPA-D and hormone imbalance, are produced by many probiotic bacteria.

• Lose the excess weight.

Losing even a small amount of weight can improve symptoms and help regulate menstrual cycles. Mind-body workouts like walking, yoga, and pilates can burn calories, lower stress, and reduce PCOS symptoms. Also, moderate strength training, using resistance bands or weights, aids in muscle development, which can benefit PCOS.

• Get rid of endocrine disruptors.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic or natural substances that can imitate, inhibit, or otherwise affect the hormones that make up the endocrine system in the body. Research shows that preservatives (such as certain parabens used in cosmetics), household cleaners, plastic softeners (such as some phthalates), artificial flavour, colour (BHT), and Bisphenol A (BPA) can affect testosterone and thyroid function.

• Manage your stress.

There are several ways to decrease stress and decrease PCOS symptoms and issues through relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, journaling, singing and painting.

• Consider adding green tea to your daily routine.

L-theanine is an amino acid found in green tea and mushrooms. It can help support a balanced stress response and is believed to contribute to Buddhist monks’ calm demeanour, which can be effective against PCOS. Besides, studies suggest that consuming two to three cups of green tea a day may reduce pesticide exposure. Pesticides may be among the causes of hormonal imbalance.

• Lower inflammation with the omega’s.

Deficiency in omega-3 fatty acids is connected to increased salivary evening cortisol due to rising levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)- the primary coordinator of the body’s reaction to stress. As a result, adequate omega-3 fatty acids are essential for reducing inflammation and stress levels and improving heart health.

Conventional ways of treating PCOS

Medications 

• Hormonal Birth Control: Pills, patches, or vaginal rings can help regulate menstrual cycles,  reduce acne, and manage excess hair growth. 
• Metformin: Used to improve insulin resistance, which can help with weight loss and ovulation. 
• Clomiphene (Clomid): A fertility medication that can induce ovulation in women who wish to become pregnant. 

Surgery 

In severe cases, a surgical procedure known as ovarian drilling can reduce the number of male hormones produced by the ovaries. 

Advanced Treatments and Research 

Emerging treatments focus on targeting the specific pathways involved in PCOS. Inositol supplements,  for example, have shown promise in improving egg quality and fertility in women with PCOS. Anti-androgen medications, which reduce male hormones, are being studied for their efficacy in treating hirsutism and acne associated with PCOS.

Conclusion 

PCOS is a multifaceted disorder that requires a comprehensive approach to management. Recent research has begun to unravel the complex genetic and environmental factors contributing to PCOS,  offering hope for more effective treatments. For women living with PCOS, a combination of lifestyle changes, medication, and, in some cases, surgery can provide relief from symptoms and reduce the risk of long-term health complications. Women must work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their needs and symptoms. 

As research continues to evolve, the future of PCOS treatment looks promising, with the potential for more targeted therapies and improved quality of life for those affected by the condition.

Caution:

This website provides information solely for educational purposes and should not substitute medical diagnosis or treatment.